The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald set during the Jazz Age on Long Island. Since its first publication in 1925, the novel has been widely considered to be a literary masterwork and a contender for the title of the Great American Novel. It has been adapted across various media, including stage, film, television, radio, literature, graphic novels, and video games.
The earliest adaptation occurred with a 1926 Broadway play directed by George Cukor and starring James Rennie and Florence Eldridge. Subsequent stage productions included musicals, such as a 1956 production by the Yale Dramatic Association and several Broadway shows.
Film adaptations began with a now-lost 1926 version, followed by remakes in 1949, 1974, and 2013. Television adaptations have included episodes on NBC's Robert Montgomery Presents in 1955 and CBS's Playhouse 90 in 1958, as well as a low-budget 2000 interpretation.
The novel has also inspired ballets and operas, with a notable performance by the New York Metropolitan Opera. The novel's entry into the public domain in 2021 sparked renewed interest in the material, leading to adaptations in new mediums such as graphic novels and video games.
Stage
editPlays
edit
In the spring of 1925, William Brady, a veteran theatrical impresario and promoter of prize fights, undertook the first stage adaptation. Brady acquired the rights only a few days after first reading the novel. The script was written by the American dramatist Owen Davis, who had won a Pulitzer Prize in 1923 for his play, Icebound.[1] Davis altered the structure of the novel, rearranging the action in chronological order, eliminating prominent elements such as the valley of ashes and the scene in the Plaza Hotel, and inventing minor characters.[2]
The play opened at the Ambassador Theatre on Broadway on February 2, 1926, directed by future motion picture auteur George Cukor and starring James Rennie as Jay Gatsby, Florence Eldridge as Daisy Buchanan, and Ned Wever as Nick Carraway.[3] The production delighted audiences and garnered rave reviews.[4] Paused when its lead actor James Rennie traveled to the United Kingdom to visit an ailing family member,[4] the run was extended past the originally scheduled closing date, finally ending on May 22, after 112 performances.[5]
With some changes in the cast, the production moved to Chicago, where it opened on August 1. Its popularity again led to an extension of the run, which came to an end in late September.[6] A brief one-week return engagement at New York's Shubert Theater began on October 4, after which a road production traveled to several other cities, including Baltimore, Philadelphia, Detroit, St. Louis, Denver, and Minneapolis.[7] As F. Scott Fitzgerald was vacationing in Europe at the time, he never saw the 1926 Broadway play,[4] but his agent Harold Ober sent him telegrams quoting the glowing reviews of the production.[4] The success of the 1926 Broadway play led to the 1926 film adaptation by director Herbert Brenon.
In the wake of the successful 1926 Broadway play, other productions followed. In July 2006, Simon Levy's stage adaptation, directed by David Esbjornson, premiered at the Guthrie Theater to commemorate the opening of its new theater.[8] 2010 saw the debut of Gatz, an off-Broadway production by Elevator Repair Service.[9] The show is structured around a live reading of the entire novel, which a businessman has found on his desk. Staged with a dinner break and two intermissions, the experience runs for eight hours.[10]
Musicals
editThe Yale Dramatic Association performed the first musical production of The Great Gatsby in Summer 1956.[11][12] For the production, Aubrey L. Goodman adapted Fitzgerald's novel and wrote the lyrics for 14 songs by composer Robert E. Morgan. The show was performed in the University Theatre at Yale University to sold-out performances.[13] The cast included a young Dick Cavett.[14] After the Yale production, a number of musical adaptations followed.
A second musical adaptation debuted in Spring 1998, undertaken by Stage One, with Colin Stevens as Gatsby and Ann Marcuson as Jordan Baker.[15] Directed by Phil Smith with an original score by Thomas Johnson, this jazz adaptation premiered at the Pavilion Theatre in Rhyl, Wales. As a jazz adaptation, Johnson's original score emphasized saxophone and brass sextet instruments.[15] The production received considerable press coverage.[15]
In 2023, the second musical adaptation, with music and lyrics by Jason Howland and Nathan Tysen and a book by Kait Kerrigan announced a one-month limited engagement at the Paper Mill Playhouse.[16] The Broadway tryout began its previews on October 12, 2023, followed by an official opening night scheduled for ten days later. The production concluded on November 12 of the same year. Jeremy Jordan and Eva Noblezada starred as the leading roles of Jay Gatsby and Daisy Buchanan, with Samantha Pauly and Noah J. Ricketts as Jordan Baker and Nick Carraway.[17] The production transferred to Broadway for previews on March 29, 2024, and opened officially on April 25th, 2024.[18]
In Spring 2024, Gatsby: An American Myth, a third musical adaptation with music and lyrics by Florence Welch and Thomas Bartlett and a book by Martyna Majok premiered at the American Repertory Theater. The production starred Isaac Cole Powell as Jay Gatsby and Ben Levi Ross as Nick Carraway.[19] On May 25, 2024, the show began previews and opened officially on June 5 of the same year. It closed on August 3rd, 2024.
Other performances
editThe novel has also been adapted for ballet performances. There was a ballet adaptation in 1991.[20] In 2009, BalletMet premiered a version at the Capitol Theatre in Columbus, Ohio.[21] In 2010, The Washington Ballet premiered a version at the Kennedy Center. The show received an encore run the following year.[22]
The New York Metropolitan Opera commissioned John Harbison to compose an operatic treatment of the novel to commemorate the 25th anniversary of James Levine's debut. The work, called The Great Gatsby, premiered on December 20, 1999.[23]
Beginning in 2015, The Great Gatsby: The Immersive Show was London's longest-running immersive show, at seven years. A New York performance of the show occurred in several rooms of the Park Central Hotel in Manhattan. It was also performed in Ireland, Wales, Belgium, and South Korea.[10] In 2022, The Great Gatsby: A Live Radio Play premiered. The show is not broadcast over the radio, but rather, features actors on-stage pretending to be radio performers in 1942.[24]
Film
edit
Paramount Pictures produced the first silent film adaptation in 1926. Itself a version of Owen Davis's successful Broadway play, the film was directed by Herbert Brenon and featured Warner Baxter as Gatsby, Lois Wilson as Daisy, Neil Hamilton as Nick Carraway, and William Powell as Wilson. In contrast to later adaptations, two women adapted Fitzgerald's novel for the screen: Elizabeth Meehan wrote the film treatment, and Becky Gardiner wrote the screenplay.[25] It is now a lost film.
Contemporary reviews suggest it may have been the most faithful adaptation of the novel, but a trailer of the film at the National Archives is all that is known to exist.[26] Reportedly, F. Scott Fitzgerald and his wife Zelda loathed the 1926 film adaptation and walked out midway through a viewing of the film at a theater.[27] "We saw The Great Gatsby at the movies," Zelda wrote to an acquaintance, "It's ROTTEN and awful and terrible and we left."[28] The film is now considered lost.[26]
In 1949, Paramount Pictures produced a second film adaptation, The Great Gatsby, directed by Elliott Nugent and starring Alan Ladd as Gatsby, Betty Field as Daisy, and Macdonald Carey as Nick.[29] Twenty-five years later in 1974, The Great Gatsby appeared onscreen again. It was directed by Jack Clayton and starred Robert Redford as Gatsby, Mia Farrow as Daisy, and Sam Waterston as Nick.[29] Most recently, The Great Gatsby was directed by Baz Luhrmann in 2013 and starred Leonardo DiCaprio as Gatsby, Carey Mulligan as Daisy, and Tobey Maguire as Nick.[27]
In 2021, visual effects company DNEG Animation announced they would be producing an animated film adaptation of the novel directed by William Joyce and written by Brian Selznick.[30]
Television
editGatsby has been recast multiple times as a short-form television movie. The first was in 1955 as an NBC episode for Robert Montgomery Presents starring Robert Montgomery, Phyllis Kirk, and Lee Bowman. The episode was directed by Alvin Sapinsley.[31] In 1958, CBS filmed another adaptation as an episode of Playhouse 90, also titled The Great Gatsby, which was directed by Franklin J. Schaffner and starred Robert Ryan, Jeanne Crain and Rod Taylor.[32] Most recently, the novel was adapted as an A&E movie in 2000. The Great Gatsby was directed by Robert Markowitz and starred Toby Stephens as Gatsby, Mira Sorvino as Daisy, and Paul Rudd as Nick.[33]
Literature
editSince entering the public domain in 2021, retellings and expansions of The Great Gatsby have become legal to publish. Nick by Michael Farris Smith (2021) imagines the backstory of Nick Carraway;[34] it was first written in 2014, but Smith's publishers waited to release it until 2021.[35] That same year saw the publication of The Chosen and the Beautiful by Nghi Vo, a retelling with elements of the fantasy genre while tackling issues of race and sexuality,[36] and The Pursued and the Pursuing by AJ Odasso, a queer partial retelling and sequel in which Jay Gatsby survives.[37] Anna-Marie McLemore's queer retelling, Self-Made Boys: A Great Gatsby Remix, was released in 2022 and was longlisted for the National Book Award for Young People's Literature.[38]
Graphic novels
editThe first graphic novel adaptation was in 2007 by Nicki Greenberg, who published The Great Gatsby: A Graphic Adaptation in Australia.[39] Because the original novel was still protected by copyright laws in the United States, this version was never published in the U.S. The second version, The Great Gatsby: The Graphic Novel, was adapted by Fred Fordham and illustrated by Aya Morton in 2020.
In 2021, K. Woodman-Maynard adapted and illustrated The Great Gatsby: A Graphic Novel Adaptation, which was published by Candlewick Press.[40] This was the first graphic novel adaptation of the original novel to be published after it entered the public domain in 2021. In June 2021, Clover Press debuted the first of seven periodical comic books, faithfully adapting The Great Gatsby. In 2024, IDW Publishing announced Godzilla's Monsterpiece Theater, a three-part miniseries where Gatsby will team up with Sherlock Holmes, Dracula and the Time Traveller from H.G. Wells' The Time Machine to battle the King of the Monsters, with Gatsby funding a version of the anti-kaiju defense team G-Force.[41]
Radio
edit
The Great Gatsby was adapted as a radio play in 1939.[42] In 1950, a half-hour-long adaptation for CBS' Family Hour of Stars starred Kirk Douglas as Gatsby.[43] The novel was read aloud by Trevor White for the BBC World Service in ten parts in 2008. In a 2012 BBC Radio 4 broadcast, The Great Gatsby took the form of a Classic Serial dramatization. It was created by dramatist Robert Forrest.[44]
Video games
editIn 2010, Oberon Media released a casual hidden object game called Classic Adventures: The Great Gatsby.[45] In 2011, developer Charlie Hoey and editor Pete Smith created an 8-bit-style online game of The Great Gatsby called The Great Gatsby for NES.[46] In 2022, after the Adobe Flash end of life, they adapted this game to an actual NES ROM file, which can also be played on their website.[47] In 2013, Slate released a short symbolic adaptation called The Great Gatsby: The Video Game.[48][49]
List of all adaptations
edit| Year | Title | Medium | Adaptors | Distributor | Rotten Tomatoes | Metacritic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1926 | The Great Gatsby | Stage | George Cukor (director) Owen Davis (script) |
Broadway (Ambassador Theatre) | — | — |
| 1926 | The Great Gatsby | Film | Herbert Brenon (director) Becky Gardiner (scenario) Elizabeth Meehan (adaptation) |
Paramount Pictures | 55% (22 reviews)[50] | — |
| 1949 | The Great Gatsby | Film | Elliot Nugent (director) Richard Maibaum (screenplay) Cyril Hume (screenplay) |
Paramount Pictures | 33% (9 reviews)[51] | — |
| 1950 | The Great Gatsby | Radio | Jean Holloway (adaptation) |
Family Hour of Stars | — | — |
| 1955 | The Great Gatsby | Television | Alvin Sapinsley (adaptation) | Robert Montgomery Presents | — | — |
| 1956 | The Great Gatsby | Musical | Leo S. Lavandero (director) Aubrey L. Goodman (book) Aubrey L. Goodman (lyrics) Robert E. Morgan (music) |
Yale Dramatic Association | — | — |
| 1958 | The Great Gatsby | Television | Franklin Schaffner (director) David Shaw (adaptation) |
Playhouse 90 | — | — |
| 1974 | The Great Gatsby | Film | Jack Clayton (director) Francis Ford Coppola (screenplay) |
Paramount Pictures | 39% (36 reviews)[52] | 43 (5 reviews)[53] |
| 1999 | The Great Gatsby | Opera | Mark Lamos (director) John Harbison (music and book) |
New York Metropolitan Opera | — | — |
| 2000 | The Great Gatsby | Television | Robert Markowitz (director) John J. McLaughlin (screenplay) |
A&E Television Networks | — | — |
| 2006 | The Great Gatsby | Stage | David Esbjornson (director) Simon Levy (adaptation) |
Guthrie Theater | — | — |
| 2012 | The Great Gatsby | Radio | Gaynor Macfarlane (director) Robert Forrest (script) |
BBC Radio 4 | — | — |
| 2013 | The Great Gatsby | Film | Baz Luhrman (director) Baz Luhrman (screenplay) Craig Pearce (screenplay) |
Warner Bros. Pictures | 48% (301 reviews)[54] | 55 (45 reviews)[55] |
| 2021 | Nick | Novel | Michael Farris Smith (author) | Little, Brown and Company | — | — |
| 2021 | The Chosen and the Beautiful | Novel | Nghi Vo (author) | Tordotcom | — | — |
| 2021 | The Pursued and the Pursuing | Novel | AJ Odasso (author) | DartFrog Books | — | — |
| 2022 | Self-Made Boys: A Great Gatsby Remix | Novel | Anna-Marie McLemore (author) | Feiwel & Friends | — | — |
| 2023 | The Great Gatsby | Musical | Marc Bruni (director) Jason Howland (music) Nathan Tysen (lyrics) Kait Kerrigan (book) |
Broadway (Paper Mill Playhouse/Broadway Theatre) | — | — |
| 2024 | Gatsby: An American Myth | Musical | Rachel Chavkin (director) Florence Welch (music) Thomas Bartlett (music) Florence Welch (lyrics) Martyna Majok (book) |
American Repertory Theater | — | — |
See also
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ West & Daniel 2024, pp. xii–xiv.
- ^ West & Daniel 2024, p. xxx.
- ^ Playbill 1926; Tredell 2007, p. 94.
- ^ a b c d Tredell 2007, p. 95.
- ^ West & Daniel 2024, pp. xvi–xviii, xxvii–xxviii.
- ^ West & Daniel 2024, pp. xxviii–xxix.
- ^ West & Daniel 2024, p. xxix.
- ^ Skinner 2006.
- ^ Brantley 2010.
- ^ a b Russo 2024.
- ^ Tredell 2007, p. 109: "It was adapted for a musical at Yale University in 1956".
- ^ The New York Times 1956, p. 21; Wilmington News-Journal 1956, p. 11; The Reporter Dispatch 1956, p. 6.
- ^ The Waco Times-Herald 1956, p. 24; The Boston Globe 1956, p. 127.
- ^ Cast Albums 2024.
- ^ a b c The Chronicle 1999, p. 100.
- ^ Heckmann 2023.
- ^ Gordon & Stewart 2023.
- ^ Leavitt 2024; Hall 2024.
- ^ American Repertory Theater 2023.
- ^ Stein 1991, p. 28.
- ^ Grossberg 2009.
- ^ Kaufman 2011; Aguirre 2011.
- ^ Stevens 1999.
- ^ Janis 2022.
- ^ Tredell 2007, p. 96.
- ^ a b Dixon 2003.
- ^ a b Howell 2013.
- ^ Mellow 1984, p. 281; Howell 2013.
- ^ a b Dixon 2003; Hischak 2012, pp. 85–86.
- ^ Giardina 2021.
- ^ Hyatt 2006, pp. 49–50.
- ^ Hischak 2012, pp. 85–86.
- ^ Howell 2013; Hischak 2012, pp. 85–86.
- ^ Flood 2020.
- ^ Flood 2021.
- ^ Wick 2021.
- ^ Grossman 2021.
- ^ Cerezo 2022.
- ^ Watts 2012.
- ^ Gurdon 2021.
- ^ Roe 2024.
- ^ Beckerman 2024.
- ^ Pitts 1986, p. 127.
- ^ White 2007; Forrest 2012.
- ^ Benedetti 2010; Paskin 2010.
- ^ Bell 2011; Crouch 2011.
- ^ Smith 2022.
- ^ Kirk, Morgan & Wickman 2013.
- ^ Sarkar 2013.
- ^ Rotten Tomatoes: The Great Gatsby (1926).
- ^ Rotten Tomatoes: The Great Gatsby (1949).
- ^ Rotten Tomatoes: The Great Gatsby (1974).
- ^ Metacritic: The Great Gatsby (1974).
- ^ Rotten Tomatoes: The Great Gatsby (2013).
- ^ Metacritic: The Great Gatsby (2013).
Works cited
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- Brantley, Ben (December 16, 2010). "Hath Not a Year Highlights? Even This One?". The New York Times. New York. Archived from the original on January 13, 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
- Cerezo, Arvyn (September 16, 2022). "Longlists Announced for 2022 National Book Awards". BookRiot. Retrieved October 5, 2022.
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- Dixon, Wheeler Winston (2003). "The Three Film Versions of The Great Gatsby: A Vision Deferred". Literature Film Quarterly. United Kingdom: Routledge. Archived from the original on June 5, 2013. Retrieved July 15, 2023.
- Flood, Alison (July 15, 2020). "The Great Gatsby prequel set for release days after copyright expires". The Guardian. London. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
- Flood, Alison (January 29, 2021). "Vampires, Muppets and prequels: The Great Gatsby's new life out of copyright". The Guardian. London. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved November 12, 2024.
- "Fitzgerald Musicalized". The Boston Globe. Boston, Massachusetts. April 26, 1956. p. 127. Retrieved April 5, 2025 – via Newspapers.com.
- Forrest, Robert (May 12, 2012). "BBC Radio 4 – Classic Serial, The Great Gatsby, Episode 1". BBC. London. Archived from the original on April 14, 2015. Retrieved July 15, 2023.
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- Gurdon, Meghan Cox (January 22, 2021). "Children's Books: 'The Great Gatsby: A Graphic Novel Adaptation' Review". The Wall Street Journal. New York City. Retrieved December 13, 2021.
- "Theatre Bigwigs To See Wacoan's 'Great Gatsby'". The Waco Times-Herald. Waco, Texas. May 3, 1956. p. 24. Retrieved April 5, 2025 – via Newspapers.com.
- Hall, Margaret (March 29, 2024). "The Great Gatsby Begins Performances on Broadway March 29". Playbill. Archived from the original on April 18, 2024. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
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- Hischak, Thomas S. (2012). American Literature on Stage and Screen: 525 Works and Their Adaptations. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 85–86. ISBN 978-0-7864-6842-3. Archived from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2023 – via Google Books.
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- Hyatt, Wesley (2006). Emmy Award Winning Nighttime Television Shows, 1948–2004. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 49–50. ISBN 0-7864-2329-3. Archived from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2020 – via Google Books.
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- Kirk, Chris; Morgan, Andrew; Wickman, Forrest (May 6, 2013). "The Great Gatsby: The Video Game". Slate. New York City: The Slate Group, a division of The Washington Post Company. ISSN 1091-2339. Archived from the original on June 25, 2013. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
- Leavitt, Hayley (February 29, 2024). "The Great Gatsby's Jeremy Jordan and Eva Noblezada Tease How the Page-to-Stage Musical Will Come Alive on Broadway". Broadway.com.
- Mellow, James R. (1984). Invented Lives: F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 281. ISBN 0-395-34412-3 – via Internet Archive.
Hollywood," [Zelda] wrote Scottie, "is not gay like the magazines say but very quiet. The stars almost never go out in public and every place closes at mid-night." They had been to see a screening of The Great Gatsby, she wrote: "It's ROTTEN and awful and terrible and we left.
- "Miss Cotner Appears in Yale Drama School Play". Wilmington News-Journal. Wilmington, Ohio. May 7, 1956. p. 11. Retrieved October 8, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
Miss Robyn Cotner... appeared in the Yale Dramatic Association's production of F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, the first musical adaptation of the novel... She takes the role of Daisy Buchanan in the play. There were five performances...
- "Nancy Seymour Completes Year At Drama School". The Reporter Dispatch. White Plains, New York. June 28, 1956. p. 6. Retrieved October 8, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
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